Аннотация:
Aim: to create a dynamic model of altered states of consciousness (ASC) caused by psychoactive actions (PA), based on previously obtained data on the psychopathological and pathopsychological structure of states, fitting into the framework of ASC that arose at the peak of extreme mental experiences at key points of mountaineering or climbing routes among 420 highly qualified male athletes.
Methods. As the main one, the method of phenomenological reconstruction of psychopathological events was used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the structure and dynamics in the state of ASC in the framework of classical clinical and psychopathological method [31]. An original standardized map was used to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the structure and dynamics of ASC caused by PA [11].
Results. As a result of the study of mental phenomena included in the structure of the ASC, the sequence of their occurrence, interaction and mutual influence of these phenomena on each other in bodily, affective and ideational spheres has been established. The dynamic stereotype of the development of symptoms of ASC is represented by four successive levels of disintegration of the psyche. At the level I: in bodily sphere, the process goes through the stage of «initial disorders of general feeling» and the stage of «neurological sensations»; in affective sphere – through the stage of «monoaffect» and the stage of «initial manifestations of mixed affect»; in ideational sphere – through the stage of «protopathic change of the field of consciousness». At level II: in bodily sphere, the process is similar in its development through the «senestopathic» stage; in affective sphere – through the stage of «pronounced manifestations of mixed affect»; in ideational sphere – through the stage of «partial disorder of consciousness». At level III: in bodily sphere, the symptoms of the previous, «senestopathic stage» are preserved; in affective sphere, the process goes through the stage of «binary affect; in ideational sphere, through the stage of «cardinal transformation of consciousness». The culmination of the development of symptoms in ideational sphere is the moment of individual meaning formation. At the IV level of disintegration, the new individual meaning that arose at the previous level begins to be logically processed and integrated into the personal picture of the world, the activity of bodily, affective and ideational components of the ASC is synchronized. Behavioral manifestations correspond to the newly formed picture of the world.
Conclusion. At the first level of disintegration, there is a primary shift of homeostasis associated with changes in the bodily sphere. The resulting new bodily feeling – kainestopathy according to M.I. Astvatsaturov [3] becomes the 1st trigger launching the ASC. Changes in the bodily sphere activate the affective sphere, which, in turn, triggers the process in the ideational sphere. At the second level of disintegration, the bodily personality is transformed into an affective one, which corresponds to the pathokinetic stereotype of changing the personal configuration in the process of individual meaning formation [11, 30]. At the third level of disintegration, the 2nd trigger of the process is triggered, a cardinal transformation of consciousness occurs. At the same time, the affective personality turns into an ideational one. The cascade of psychopathological events of the psychotic register is associated with the transition of thinking to the archaic level of its functioning. In such an ideational space, the central event of the ASC takes place – the moment of individual meaning formation [29, 30]. The cardinal transformation of consciousness is the 3rd trigger of the ASC process. At the fourth level of disintegration, the activity of the bodily, affective and ideational components of the ASC are synchronized. The rational assimilation of the new individual meaning that arose at the previous level begins, the corresponding bodily, affective, ideational and behavioral patterns are launched. Rational assimilation of a new individual meaning can continue after the completion of the ASC for a long time and lead to a change in the life scenario.
Ключевые слова:
altered states of consciousness, pathokinesis, levels of disintegration of the psyche, cardinal transformation of consciousness, individual meaning formation.